Islamic Banking

Enactment of Law no. 21 of 2008 issued on July 16, 2008 has provided more adequate legal basis to the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia, and consequently will accelerate the growth of the industry. With the progress of the construction of an impressive annual asset growth averaging more than 65% in the last five years, it is expected that Islamic banking industry will have a more significant role in supporting the national economy. 

Islamic banking in Indonesia has a unique characteristic that is composed of Commercial Islamic Banks (BUS), Islamic Business Unit (UUS), and sharia rural banks (BPRS).

Islamic commercial bank (BUS) is a bank that is fully transacts sharia and not a business unit. Commercial Bank is a Sharia Islamic Banking provides services in payment traffic.

Sharia Business Unit, which further referred to UUS, is a unit of Conventional Commercial Bank head office that serves as the main office of the agency or unit conducting business based on Sharia principles, or unit of work in a branch office of a bank located outside the country conducting conventional business which serves as the head office of sharia branch offices and / or sharia unit.

Basically system of Sharia Business Unit (UUS) is equal with Commercial Islamic Banks (BUS). The difference is in the status of the establishment. BUS has independent status and not shelter under the conventional banking system. While UUS status is not independent and still under the auspices of the management rules of conventional banking.

Islamic banking in Indonesia is a financial institution that is concerned about the development of the real sector. Amounted to 61.29 % or IDR 83.09 Trillion of total Islamic banking financing is channeled to the SME sector.

Since 2012, the Indonesian Islamic banking is more directing its financing to the productive sectors as well as working capital and investment to reduce the financing to consumptive sectors such as automobile and home mortgage.

Until middle of 2013, the growth of Islamic banking was encouraging. As of June 2013, the growth of Islamic banking assets reached 40.64% increase from IDR 155.41 trillion in 2012 to IDR 218.57 trillion in 2013. Financing has reached IDR 171.23 trillion (grew 45.61%) and raising funds reached IDR 163.97 trillion. If seen during the last five years, the growth rate of Islamic banking in terms of assets, financing and deposits showed an upward trend.

According to data from FSA by December 2013 the total combined assets of Islamic banks (BUS) and Sharia Business Unit (UUS) is estimated to reach IDR 242.28 trillion, an increase of 24.23% from December of previous year. Increasing Islamic banking assets exceeded the asset growth of the national banking industry that grows 16.23%. The number of accounts is also experiencing growth. As of October 2013 the total deposit accounts in Islamic banking and finance recorded 15.58 million, an increase of 3.16 million of the total accounts in October 2012 that as many as 12.42 million.

The high growth of Islamic banking which in turn increases the market share of Islamic banking is supported by the aggressive expansion of Islamic Commercial Bank and Sharia Business Unit services currently. Since the end of 2012 until the month of June 2013 the number of BUS in Indonesia is 11 banks while UUS are 24. Although there has been no addition of new BUS and UUS, BUS office number in June 2013 increased by 13.8% compared to the number of BUS office in late 2012.

At the institutional aspects, elements that distinguish between Islamic banks and conventional banks is the necessity of Sharia Supervisory Board (DPS), which oversees the operations of the bank and its products to conform to sharia lines. In practice, DPS supervised by the National Sharia Board-Council of Ulama Indonesia (DSN-MUI), which among its functions is to examine and give fatwas for the products developed by Islamic banks.

Sharia Rural Bank (BPR-Sharia) is one of the financial institutions of Islamic banking, which the pattern of operations is following the Islamic principles.

BPRS operations provide financing to small businesses in the area that is difficult to reach by public banks.

BPRS established by Law no. 7 of 1992 and Government Regulation (PP) No.. 72 of 1992 on Bank Based Sharing Principles. In Article 1 (point 4) of Law no. 10 of 1998 on the Amendment of Act 7 of 1992, stated that the BPRS is a bank conducting business based on sharia principles in their actions and do not provide services in payment traffic.

BPRS excellent characteristic is operating in remote areas even in areas remote areas so as to provide services to a wider range to the public.

Capital Market

Investment Management. According Husnan (2003) is a market for long-term financial instruments that can be traded, either in the form of debt or equity capital, both published by the government, public authorities, and private companies. According to Usman (1990:62), securities are generally traded in the stock market can be categorized into debt securities and securities that are holdings. Debt securities commonly known name of the bonds and securities are known as stock ownership. Furthermore it can also be defined that is evidence of the recognition bond debt of the company, while the stock is a testament to the inclusion of the company. 

Understanding the stock market in general is an organized financial system, which includes commercial banks and all institutions in the field of financial intermediaries, as well as the overall securities outstanding. In a narrow sense, the stock market is a market (where, in the form of the building) who is prepared to trade stocks, bonds, and other types of securities with the services of the brokerage (Sunariyah, 2000: 4). Judging from the above understanding of capital markets, it is clear that the capital market is also one way for the company to raise money by selling the company's ownership rights to the public. 

Investment and Capital Market Actors 

Today, have developed a model in making decisions about investment proposals that are within a portfolio, where the proposed new project is linked with other projects that exist in a company. Investment projects that have no independent risk Awat (1999: 276). 

Profit expectations of a portfolio is a weighted average of expectations of comparable securities gains in the portfolio. The main players involved in capital markets and supporting institutions that are directly involved in the transaction process between the major players as follows Kasmir (2001: 183-189): 

1. Issuers. 

Company that will conduct the sale of securities or to issue in exchange (called the issuer). In conducting the emissions, the issuer has a different purpose and it is usually stipulated in the shareholders' general meeting (AGM), among others: 

•  Business expansion, capital obtained from investors will be used to expand the business, market or capacity expansion. 
• Improve the capital structure, balance between their own capital to foreign capital. c. Hold a shareholder transfers. The transfer of the old shareholders to new shareholders. 

2. Investors. 

Investors who would buy or invest in companies that perform emissions (called investors). Before purchasing the securities offered, investors usually do some research and analysis. This study includes the bonafides company, the issuer's business prospects and other analyzes. The main purpose of the investors in capital markets, among others: 

• Getting a dividend. Addressed to the benefits to be gained in the form of interest paid by the issuer in the form of dividends. 
• Ownership of the company. The more shares owned by the greater utilization (control) firms. 
• Trade. Resell the shares at high prices, their hope is in stock that can actually increase the profits from the sale of its shares. 

3 Supporting Institutions. 

Supporting institutions function, among others, contribute and support the operation of capital markets, making it easier for both issuers and investors in a variety of activities related to capital markets. Supporting institutions that play an important role in the capital market mechanism is as follows: 

• Underwriters (underwriter). Institutions that guarantee terjualnya stock / bond until a certain time limit and can obtain the desired fund issuers. 
• Securities brokerage (broker / brokers). Mediation in the sale and purchase of securities, the intermediary between the seller (issuer) to the buyer (investor). The activities carried out by the broker include the following: Provide information about the issuer and selling securities to investors Conduct 
• Trading of securities (dealer), serves as: 1) Traders buy and sell securities 2) As an intermediary in the sale and purchase of securities Insurers (guarantor). Intermediary institutions between the donor confidence by the recipient trust. Institution that is trusted by investors before the funds invest. 
• Trustee (trustee). Trustee services required as a guardian of the donor mandate (investor). 
• Trustee activities include: 1) Assess the issuer's property 2) Analyze the ability of the issuer 3) Conducting supervision and development of the issuer 4) To advise to the investors in matters relating to the issuer 5) Monitor the payment of bond interest and principal 6) To act as paying agent 
• Company's securities (securities company). Specializes in trading securities listed on stock exchanges. Activities of securities firms, among others: 1) As a stockbroker 2) Guarantor emissions 3) Intermediary trading securities 4) Management of funds 
•  Fund management company (investment company). Managing the securities that will benefit in accordance with the wishes of investors, consisting of two units, namely as a fund manager and depositors. 
• Effects of the administration office. Offices that assist issuers and investors in order to facilitate its administration. 1) To assist the issuer in order to emission 2) Carry out activities to store and transfer rights to the shares of investors 3) To help compile a list of shareholders 4) Prepare correspondence to the shareholders of the issuer 5) Make the necessary reports 

Types and Functions of the Capital Market 

Capital market can be divided into two, namely the primary market and secondary market: 

1. Primary Market (Primary Market) 

Primary Market is the first offering of the issuer to the investor during the time set by the issuer (issuer) before the shares are not traded in the secondary market. Usually within a period of at least 6 working days. Stock prices in the primary market ditetukan by underwriters and the companies that went public based on fundamental analysis of companies concerned. 

In the primary market, the company will obtain the necessary funds. Companies can use the bond proceeds fund to develop and expand the capital goods to produce goods and services. Moreover, it can also be used to pay off debts and improve the structure of business capitalization. The stock price remains the primary market, the authorities are underwriters and brokers, commissions are not subject to bookings made through sales agents. 

2. Secondary market (Secondary Market) 

The secondary market is where the transaction of shares among investors after a share offering in the primary market, not later than 90 days after permission is given then the emission of these securities must be listed on the stock. 

With the secondary market investors can buy and sell securities at any time. While the benefits for companies, secondary market are useful as a place to gather institutional investors and individuals. 

Secondary market stock prices fluctuate according to market expectations, the authorities are brokers, the burden of commissions for the sale and purchase, ordering is done through exchange members, the period is unlimited. 

Place the secondary market in two places, namely: 

1. Regular Stock Exchange is the regular official exchanges such as the Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX) and Surabaya Stock Exchange (SSX) 
2. Parallel or parallel Stock Exchange over the counter is a system of organized securities trading outside official exchanges, to form the secondary market are regulated and organized by the Trade Union Money and Securities (PPUE), supervised and trained by Bapepam. Over the counter for a meeting between the seller and the buyer is not done in a certain place but are scattered among the offices of the broker or dealer. 

Function of the Capital Market 

Meeting place for those who have more money (lenders) to the parties that require long-term funds (the borrower). Capital markets have two functions, namely economics and finance. In the economy, capital markets provide the facility to transfer funds from the lender to the borrower. 

Invest funds with lenders expect any return or return of the fund transfer. As for the borrower, the presence of external funds can be used for their business development efforts without waiting for funds from the company's operating results. In finance, by providing the necessary funds by the borrower and the lender without having to be directly involved in the ownership of real assets

Top 10 Energy-Boosting Nutrition Strategies

There is an energy crisis in America—and I am not talking about natural resources. We all want to feel alert, well-rested, and energetic, but for many of us this is more of a dream than reality. As busy and productive people with over-scheduled, stressful lifestyles (sometimes combined with little quality sleep and poor eating habits), it is no wonder so many of us feel drained. 

There is an energy crisis in America—and I am not talking about natural resources. We all want to feel alert, well-rested, and energetic, but for many of us this is more of a dream than reality. As busy and productive people with over-scheduled, stressful lifestyles (sometimes combined with little quality sleep and poor eating habits), it is no wonder so many of us feel drained. 

Fatigue breaks us down physically and emotionally and wreaks havoc on the immune system, making us more susceptible to illness, depression, and even chronic conditions like heart disease. But we have the power to change our habits, boost our energy, and feel terrific. 

We all know that regular exercise, stress management, and getting at least eight hours of sleep are critical for combating fatigue. It also turns out that our eating habits directly affect our energy levels, and there are ways we can use nutrition to feel more energy throughout the day. 

1. Eat predominantly nutrient-dense foods 

Optimal energy metabolism (the process that converts food to energy) requires an abundance of vitamins and minerals. Every cell in our body can unlock its energy potential with the proper fuel from food. If we don’t get enough nutrients from foods, we suffer from sub-optimal cellular energy metabolism, making us feel tired and sluggish. 

The best way to combat this is to choose foods that have a lot of nutrition per calorie. These include vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds, fruits, whole grains, and lean animal proteins. Refined breads, fried and fatty foods, sweets and desserts, and processed snack foods give us lots of calories with little nutrition, which is why you’ll feel so much better if you base your diet on minimally processed, whole foods. 

2. Seek out foods high in antioxidants 

Antioxidants are the body’s scavengers of those damaging chemicals that tax our system and cause fatigue and lead to illness. Being that there are thousands of natural, protective antioxidants in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods, a pill or processed food will never come close to what you’ll get from the whole food. 

Furthermore, too much of certain nutrients can be risky – this risk is alleviated when the nutrients come packaged in a whole food, which is naturally balanced with complementary nutrients and thousands of health-supporting compounds. Seek out colorful, juicy fruits like berries and melons, and dark green leafy vegetables like kale, broccoli, collard greens, and spinach. 

3. Focus on omega-3s 

Studies show that diets high in omega-3 fats improve mood, memory, and thinking, which are related to focus and energy. Try to get at least one excellent source of omega-3 fats a day: fish, flax seeds, flax oil, hemp seeds, hemp oil, leafy greens (think big salad), or walnuts. Omega-3 supplements such as fish oil can help but they should never replace a healthful diet. 

 4. Ditch the diet 

If your “diet” is synonymous with “deprivation,” you’re doing your body a “disservice.” Skimping on calories ultimately decreases your metabolism as your body tries to conserve all the energy it can. That’s why dieters often feel lethargic. To make matters worse, as metabolism slows, the body burns even fewer calories, leading to a slower rate of weight loss. Then when more calories are inevitably consumed, weight gain is the usual result 

So, to keep your energy levels high and your metabolism revved up, be sure to meet your calorie needs each day. Slow, steady weight loss – achieved with sufficient calories and regular physical activity – is the most effective way to maintain a healthy weight for life. (Ask your nutrition professional how many calories you should be aiming for each day.) 

5.Make breakfast a priority 

Yes, it’s easy to skip breakfast, and we even may feel virtuous doing so, as it appears to be a way to save calories. But it hurts us in the long run. Studies show that a good breakfast not only gets your metabolism going, but it will help keep you alert and satisfied until lunch. Bonus: healthy breakfast eaters set the stage for a full day of healthy eating. 

Swapping out processed foods like donuts, pastries, white bagels, cereal, and waffles for healthier options including fresh fruit, whole grain hot or cold cereal with nuts/seeds, whole grain bread with nut butter, or even last night’s casserole are all good options. 

6.Say yes to snacks 

Getting a near-steady supply of food energy throughout the day helps keep your blood sugar level and your energy level up. Letting yourself get too hungry causes your blood sugar to crash, leading to feelings of sluggishness and, often, cravings for junk food. But of course it is important to choose your snacks wisely. 

A smart snack won’t come from a vending machine or in a 100-calorie pack; in fact, these foods typically don’t provide the mental boost in energy that you’re craving, and you’re often left feeling even more tired than before. Real food is the best source of real energy. Combining complex carbs with protein and fat provides lasting energy, because the fiber, protein, and fat slow the release of sugar into the blood, helping to prevent energy dips and overeating. 

Some great snack ideas include a mix of nuts and dried fruit (about one half ounce of each); a container of plain yogurt topped with 2 tablespoons of natural granola; 3 cups of air-popped popcorn tossed with 1 teaspoon of olive oil and a sprinkle of sea salt; 5 whole grain crackers with 5 baby carrots and a quarter cup hummus; a half cup of berries and an ounce of walnuts, an ounce of baked or whole-grain chips with tomato salsa, or a small apple sliced and dipped in 2 tablespoons of almond butter. 

 7.Drink for energy 

Being properly hydrated is a very easy and effective way to keep your energy high. The body needs water, and lots of it, to function optimally. You can skip the vitamin waters and energy drinks which, unless you’re an endurance athlete, just add unnecessary calories and expense. So keep a fresh and ready source of water by you at all times, and sip at least 1 cup every 2 hours. Tote a reusable bottle with you wherever you go. Bonus: all those extra trips to the restroom help you to move more. 

8.Become the designated driver more often 

Since alcohol is a depressant, it can contribute to low energy. Ironically, it can also act as a stimulant several hours later, which can disrupt your sleep cycle and cause fatigue the next day. If you depend on a nightly drink to fall asleep or overindulge over the weekends, you may find that cutting out or down on alcohol improves your energy considerably. 

 If you wish to indulge occasionally, red wine is a good choice for its antioxidant content. (Disclaimer: individuals taking certain medications, and those suffering from certain forms of anxiety, high blood pressure, or dependence issues should avoid alcohol completely. Ask your doctor.) 

9.Use caffeine wisely or not at all 

After a cup of coffee, it certainly feels as though you’re getting an energy boost. But it really isn’t true energy—it’s a drug effect. So although you’ll feel a short-term boost, it will backfire when it wears off, because at that point the body realizes it has no real energy source and the result is exhaustion and hunger, typically followed by overeating. 

So, caffeine can be used occasionally as a temporary stimulant, such as before a long drive or for alertness for meeting a deadline, but overuse and reliance over the long term can be problematic. 

 For a gentler lift, try green tea, which provides beneficial antioxidants as well as the amino acid theanine, which helps you stay calm and focused. (Disclaimer: individuals taking certain medications, and those suffering from certain forms of anxiety, high blood pressure, or dependence issues should avoid caffeine completely. Ask your doctor.) 

10.Choose power foods 

 As the 10th nutrition strategy, I’d like to share my list of the top 10 energy foods, most of which you should aim to include in your diet on a weekly basis: 

1. Almonds (or other nuts) 
2. Avocado 
3. Watercress (or arrugula, kale, collards, spinach, etc.) 
4. Quinoa (or other intact whole grains such as millet, amaranth, brown rice, etc.) 
5. Flax seeds (grind them before adding to foods) 
6. White beans (or lentils, white beans, black beans, etc.) 
7. Dates (or other dried fruit – in moderation) 
8. Blackberries (or strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, etc.) 
9. Sea vegetables (nori, dulse, hijiki, etc.
10. Edamame (young whole soy beans) 

Nutritionist Dina Aronson, MS, RD is a member of the FitOrbit Advisory Council. FitOrbit is real personal fitness training by real personal trainers, online and on your time. FitOrbit sustains the vital human connection of the trainer-client relationship by using straightforward web and mobile technologies that enable daily activity monitoring, a continuous workout and meal plan feedback loop, and timely motivational support for everyday personal fitness training, dieting, and weight loss. http://www.health.com

What is the Best Way to Meditate?

If you are like most of us, by now you would be confused as to what would be the best way to meditate. You may be searching the net frantically to find the Most Effective Meditation Technique or The Best Meditative Techniques.

If you have not found the best way to meditate yet, keep on reading as I will reveal one of the most effective and least expensive ways to meditate effectively. In fact stage one of this program is freely given a way. You can make the best effect of this with the least amount of time without spending a red cent out of your pocket.

Meditation has proven to have numerous benefits to our mind and body. Overall it improves our health by improving blood circulation, purifying the blood from toxins, improves the heart functioning and lowers blood pressure. It is a panacea for stress and anxiety. It eliminates stress and anxiety and helps our minds to relaxed and rejuvenate after a heavy workload. This is now scientifically proven and documented.

There are several ways and techniques to do meditation effectively. Most common is to fix a time every day, find a quiet place, sit comfortably and concentrate on your breath. When your mind wander do not be angry just bring it back to your breath. Another techniques is to chant a mantra such as "Om" and concentrate on this mantra .This is done to stop your mind from wandering.

But anybody who had tried the above techniques or similar techniques no how difficult it is. It is easy said than done. This way you have to at least meditate for 1-2 hours at the start.

Since we all are living in society there are much more distractions than someone living in a hermitage. These methods are more suitable for hermits living far away and who had given up social life and has no distractions for that matter.

Then what is the best way for people like us to meditate?

In my experience the most effective meditation technique for laymen like us is to listen to a Brainwave Entrainment program. This is the shortest cut for people living in society like you and me and who wants to get all the benefits that meditation has to offer.

Brain wave training is the easiest and most effective way to achieve fast results with the least time and least expense. Actually what meditation does is, it reduces your brain wave frequency to alpha or theta and sometimes to delta. 

These are the brainwave frequencies that produces optimal health and other benefits like living with optimum energy, being more relaxed physically and mentally, optimal learning ability, stress relief and so on. This is exactly what Brainwave Entrainment does.

When you listen to a brain wave entrainment program it brings your brainwave frequency to alpha and below. Your brainwave frequencies automatically match the frequency that is being induced by the brainwave entrainment program. So you get all the benefits that meditation has to offer with no hard work on your part.

The most powerful brainwave entrainment technology on earth was released last month and the developers claim that it is powerful because of the Patent Pending Cutting Edge Technology it uses, known as 3P DEAP.

This is what makes it outstanding apart from similar products in the market. All you have to do is put on your head phones and sit for 30 minutes a day with this program. It is not recommended for more than 30 minutes a day.

You do nothing else other than sitting and listening. I felt the difference within 3-4 days. But you do not have to believe anyone on this without trying this product yourself. You have nothing to lose by doing so as the first stage is FREE.

Cut the time and efforts that you spend on meditation by more than half with brainwave entrainment technology.

About the Author: Discover How to Train Your Brain, Using Latest Cutting Edge Technology to Live Your Full Potential. Want to Meditate Like a Zen Monk With 70,000 Hours of Experience?

http://www.mydailymoment.com/diet_and_fitness/mindabody/what_is_the_best_way_to_meditate_.php?page=1

ABC Of Breasfeeding

From the first moment the infant is applied to the breast, it must be nursed upon a certain plan. This is necessary to the well-doing of the child, and will contribute essentially to preserve the health of the parent, who will thus be rendered a good nurse, and her duty at the same time will become a pleasure.

This implies, however, a careful attention on the part of the mother to her own health; for that of her child is essentially dependent upon it. Healthy, nourishing, and digestible milk can be procured only from a healthy parent; and it is against common sense to expect that, if a mother impairs her health and digestion by improper diet, neglect of exercise, and impure air, she can, nevertheless, provide as wholesome and uncontaminated a fluid for her child, as if she were diligently attentive to these important points. Every instance of indisposition in the nurse is liable to affect the infant.

And this leads me to observe, that it is a common mistake to suppose that, because a woman is nursing, she ought therefore to live very fully, and to add an allowance of wine, porter, or other fermented liquor, to her usual diet. The only result of this plan is, to cause an unnatural degree of fulness in the system, which places the nurse on the brink of disease, and which of itself frequently puts a stop to the secretion of the milk, instead of increasing it. The right plan of proceeding is plain enough; only let attention be paid to the ordinary laws of health, and the mother, if she have a sound constitution, will make a better nurse than by any foolish deviation founded on ignorance and caprice.

The following case proves the correctness of this statement:

A young lady, confined with her first child, left the lying-in room at the expiration of the third week, a good nurse, and in perfect health. She had had some slight trouble with her nipples, but this was soon overcome.

The porter system was now commenced, and from a pint to a pint and a half of this beverage was taken in the four and twenty hours. This was resorted to, not because there was any deficiency in the supply of milk, for it was ample, and the infant thriving upon it; but because, having become a nurse, she was told that it was usual and necessary, and that without it her milk and strength would ere long fail.

After this plan had been followed for a few days, the mother became drowsy and disposed to sleep in the daytime; and headach, thirst, a hot skin, in fact, fever supervened; the milk diminished in quantity, and, for the first time, the stomach and bowels of the infant became disordered. The porter was ordered to be left off; remedial measures were prescribed; and all symptoms, both in parent and child, were after a while removed, and health restored.

Having been accustomed, prior to becoming a mother, to take a glass or two of wine, and occasionally a tumbler of table beer, she was advised to follow precisely her former dietetic plan, but with the addition of half a pint of barley-milk morning and night. Both parent and child continued in excellent health during the remaining period of suckling, and the latter did not taste artificial food until the ninth month, the parent's milk being all-sufficient for its wants.

No one can doubt that the porter was in this case the source of the mischief. The patient had gone into the lying-in-room in full health, had had a good time, and came out from her chamber (comparatively) as strong as she entered it. Her constitution had not been previously worn down by repeated child-bearing and nursing, she had an ample supply of milk, and was fully capable, therefore, of performing the duties which now devolved upon her, without resorting to any unusual stimulant or support. Her previous habits were totally at variance with the plan which was adopted; her system became too full, disease was produced, and the result experienced was nothing more than what might be expected.

The plan to be followed for the first six months. Until the breast- milk is fully established, which may not be until the second or third day subsequent to delivery (almost invariably so in a first confinement), the infant must be fed upon a little thin gruel, or upon one third water and two thirds milk, sweetened with loaf sugar.

After this time it must obtain its nourishment from the breast alone, and for a week or ten days the appetite of the infant must be the mother's guide, as to the frequency in offering the breast. The stomach at birth is feeble, and as yet unaccustomed to food; its wants, therefore, are easily satisfied, but they are frequently renewed. An interval, however, sufficient for digesting the little swallowed, is obtained before the appetite again revives, and a fresh supply is demanded.

At the expiration of a week or so it is essentially necessary, and with some children this may be done with safety from the first day of suckling, to nurse the infant at regular intervals of three or four hours, day and night. This allows sufficient time for each meal to be digested, and tends to keep the bowels of the child in order. Such regularity, moreover, will do much to obviate fretfulness, and that constant cry, which seems as if it could be allayed only by constantly putting the child to the breast. A young mother very frequently runs into a serious error in this particular, considering every expression of uneasiness as an indication of appetite, and whenever the infant cries offering it the breast, although ten minutes may not have elapsed since its last meal. This is an injurious and even dangerous practice, for, by overloading the stomach, the food remains undigested, the child's bowels are always out of order, it soon becomes restless and feverish, and is, perhaps, eventually lost; when, by simply attending to the above rules of nursing, the infant might have become healthy and vigorous.

For the same reason, the infant that sleeps with its parent must not be allowed to have the nipple remaining in its mouth all night. If nursed as suggested, it will be found to awaken, as the hour for its meal approaches, with great regularity. In reference to night-nursing, I would suggest suckling the babe as late as ten o'clock p. m., and not putting it to the breast again until five o'clock the next morning. Many mothers have adopted this hint, with great advantage to their own health, and without the slightest detriment to that of the child. With the latter it soon becomes a habit; to induce it, however, it must be taught early.

The foregoing plan, and without variation, must be pursued to the sixth month.

After the sixth month to the time of weaning, if the parent has a large supply of good and nourishing milk, and her child is healthy and evidently flourishing upon it, no change in its diet ought to be made. If otherwise, however, (and this will but too frequently be the case, even before the sixth month) the child may be fed twice in the course of the day, and that kind of food chosen which, after a little trial, is found to agree best.